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Effect of Ultrafast Fiber Laser, Diode Laser, and Airborne Particle Abrasion on Surface Topography and Repair Bond Strength of Cerasmart Flexible Hybrid Ceramic: An In Vitro Comparative Study

S. Alresayes, E.M. Alhamdan

Journal of Ceramic Science and Technology · Early View (advance online publication) (-1), pp. 1-8

DOI: 10.4416/JCST2026-00009

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Abstract

This in vitro study evaluated surface topography, roughness (Ra), and repair bond strength (RBS) of Cerasmart flexible hybrid ceramic blocks (FHBC) after conditioning with airborne particle abrasion (APA), diode laser (DL), and ultrafast fiber laser (UFL) irradiation versus an untreated control. 104 disc-shaped specimens were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 26): Group 1: control; Group 2: APA (50 µm Al2O3, 2.5 bar, 10 mm, 15 s); Group 3: DL (810 nm, 1.0 W, 33.5 J/cm², 60 s); Group 4: UFL (1 064 nm, 20 W, 100 kHz, 1.820 J/cm², 7 s). Ra was measured via contact profilometry; topography via scanning electron microscopy. RBS was assessed using shear bond strength (SBS) testing (n = 10/group) after silane application, universal adhesive, and composite buildup, followed by thermocycling (10 000 cycles, 5 – 55 °C). Failure modes were adhesive, cohesive, or admixed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (p 

Keywords

Flexible hybrid ceramic, Cerasmart; surface conditioning, ultrafast fiber laser, diode laser, airborne particle abrasion, repair bond strength, surface roughness

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