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Journal of Ceramic Science and Technology 1/2017
Vol. 8, No. 1 · March 2017
Data-Driven Innovations in Joint Replacement: Do Ceramic Femoral Heads Contribute to Polyethylene Oxidation?
B.J. McEntire, L. Puppulin, B.S. Bal, B.S. Bal, G. Pezzotti
Pages 1-6 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00100
Renewed attention is being paid to biomaterials used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) given the continued clinical problems of osteolysis and aseptic loosening which result from the long-term wear of acetabular polyethylene (PE) bearing surfaces. One advantage of using ceramic femoral heads is low PE wear, presumably because of the ceramics' bioinert behavior. However, beyond simple mechanical abrasion, marked differences have been found in the degradation of PE when coupled with different ceramic materials. This study examined the surface characteristics and performance of oxide-based (zirconi …
Preparation of CuAlO2 Thin Films by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering and the Effect of Sputtering on the Target Surface
T. Ehara, T. Ehara, R. Iizaka, M. Abe, K. Abe, T. Sato
Pages 7-12 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00066
Powder, a sputtering target, and thin films of CuAlO2 have been prepared by means of radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering and characterized. CuAlO2 powder has been synthesized from a stoichiometric mixture of Cu2O and Al2O3 powders by means of heat treatment at 1100 °C in N2 for 40 h. Initially, a mixture of 3R-CuAlO2 (rhombohedral) and 2H-CuAlO2 (hexagonal) was obtained after the heat treatment for 30 h, then, 3R-CuAlO2-dominant powder was obtained after further heat treatment as a result of the phase transformation reaction from 2H-CuAlO2 to 3R-CuAlO2. A CuAlO2 sputtering target has bee …
″Moonie Type″ of Piezoelectric Transformer as a Magnetic Field Detector
L. Kozielski, M. Bućko
Pages 13-18 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00054
The present study proposes a new method for determining magnetic field intensities from a composite piezoelectric – magnetostrictive transformer response. In contrast to the previous detector models, which utilize more popular piezoelectric transformer geometries, in the present method the authors introduce the high voltage amplification effect of the \"Moonie\" transformer. An increased inherent voltage response to the magnetic field is an added value of this almost unknown piezoelectric transformer structure. The new device overcomes several deficiencies of previous detectors. Such drawbacks …
Optimisation of a Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction System with a Coated Ceramic Mixing Element
M.A. Damm, M. Sauerborn, T. Fend, U. Herrmann
Pages 19-24 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00056
The selective catalytic reduction of NOx emissions to H2O and N2 is a major technology in automotive applications for exhaust gas aftertreatment. In this process, the reactant ammonia (NH3) is produced by injecting AdBlue®. With the help of an SCR catalyst, this NH3 reduces emitted NOx to non-toxic nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O). For the homogenization and evaporation of the urea solution, usually metallic mixing elements are used. The new approach uses a mixing element based on structured porous ceramic with an enlarged surface and a special catalytic coating. The Solar-Institut Jülich and the …
Extrusion Process for the Manufacture of Beta″-Alumina Solid Electrolyte Tubes
Y. Hu, S.N. Heavens, J.S. Blackburn, S. Blackburn
Pages 25-30 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00060
For future stationary energy storage requirements, sodium batteries are potentially suitable candidates owing to their high energy density, proven reliability, high faradaic efficiency and the use of abundant low-cost raw materials. Tubular battery designs require a thin-walled solid electrolyte tube, usually formed from ion-conductive beta″-alumina ceramic. State-of-the-art manufacturing methods, namely isostatic pressing and electrophoretic deposition, contribute a significant proportion of battery cost, and it is desirable to identify a high-volume low-cost process for the ceramic. Extrusio …
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cf/SiC Composites Reinforced with Boron Nitride Nanowires
G. Zhu, G. Zhu, G. Zhu, S. Dong, S. Dong, J. Hu, J. Hu, Y. Kan, Y. Kan, L. Gao, L. Gao, X. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Ding, Y. Ding
Pages 31-38 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00064
Boron nitride nanowires (BNNWs) were first grown in situ into fiber preforms, and then Cf/SiC composites reinforced with the BNNWs were fabricated by means of chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) matrix densification. It was found that thanks to the incorporation of the BNNWs, the matrix of the Cf/SiC composites at micron scale is toughened notably, as evidenced by the results of indentation tests. Synergetic strengthening and toughening mechanisms including debonding, fracture, pullouts as well as crack branching and deflection attributed to BNNW-based micro-rods are observed. However, no signif …
Effect of Laser Power on Yield of TiO2 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Water
A. Singh, J. Vihinen, E. Frankberg, L. Hyvärinen, M. Honkanen, E. Levänen
Pages 39-44 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00071
In this study, the pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) technique was used on titanium in deionized water at different laser powers to understand its effect on the synthesis yield of nanoparticles. A 500-ns 1062-nm fiber laser at 25 kHz was used to effect PLAL of titanium to produce nanoparticles. TEM images of the synthesized nanoparticles showed spherical particles ranging from 3 – 32 nm in diameter. The electron diffraction pattern and high peaks in the wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) pattern indicated high crystallinity of nanoparticles. WAXS results showed nanoparticles were allotro …
Electric-Field-Induced Phase Transition in Mn-Doped (K0.48Na0.48Li0.04)NbO3 Lead-Free Ceramics
H.E. Mgbemere, G.A. Schneider, L. Schmitt, M. Hinterstein
Pages 45-52 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00074
In situ applied-electric-field high-resolution X-ray diffraction has been used to study the field-induced response of Mn-doped (K0.48Na0.48Li0.04)NbO3 (KNN-L) ceramics produced using the conventional mixed-oxide processing route. Ferroelectric domains are observed with transmission electron microscopy with indications of nano-segregation of Mn. Rietveld refinement (FULLPROF Suite) is used to refine the diffraction patterns, and a phase change from orthorhombic symmetry with space group Amm2 to tetragonal symmetry with space group P4mm is observed when the applied field exceeds 1.4 kV/mm. Phase …
Residual Strength Evolution of 2D C/C-SiC Composites Subjected to Tensile Fatigue Stresses
B.-G. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Li, P. Xiao, W. Zhou, W. Zhou, H. Luo, Z. Li
Pages 53-58 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00087
An experimental investigation was performed to study the residual tensile strength (RTS) of liquid silicon infiltration (LSI)-based plain-weave reinforced Cf/C-SiC composites (2D C/C-SiC) after different loading cycles. The specimens were previously subjected to the cyclic stress of 57 MPa for the preselected numbers of cycles (102, 104 and 106, respectively) before the final quasi-static tensile test. The microstructures, fractured surfaces and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) after the quasi-static tensile test were characterized by means of Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron M …
Design and Additive Manufacturing of Periodic Ceramic Architectures
G. Bianchi, S. Gianella, A. Ortona
Pages 59-66 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00088
Cellular ceramics are attractive material solutions for high-temperature applications thanks to their outstanding properties. Although ceramic foams are already widely employed in industry, they exhibit scattered properties because of their randomness and fragility. Moreover, there are only few parameters that can be varied in order to engineer their properties.We begin with finite element simulations to show how periodic cellular ceramics can be designed to meet user requirements.Then, thanks to additive manufacturing (AM), the numerical domains can be readily transformed into physical object …
Photocatalytic Properties of Nanocrystalline TiO2 coupled with Up-Conversion Phosphors
S. Mavengere, H. M. Yadav, J.-S. Kim
Pages 67-72 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00089
NaYF4:(Yb3+, Er3+) up-conversion phosphor was synthesized with the combustion method and coated with TiO2 nanoparticles by means of a sol-gel technique. Emission peaks of the up-conversion phosphor were located at 523, 544 and 655 nm under irradiation with a 980 nm infrared (IR) dot laser light with 40 mW. TiO2-coated NaYF4:(Yb3+, Er3+) phosphor showed similar emission peaks with reduced intensities. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2-coated up-conversion phosphor particles was investigated based on the degradation of aqueous methylene blue (MB) solution under irradiation with a 200-W vis …
Crack Detection of Ceramics based on Laser Speckle Photometry
B. Bendjus, U. Cikalova, L. Chen
Pages 73-80 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00090
Ceramic components subjected to increasingly extreme conditions are being pushed to their performance limits. That is, the critical crack length for alumina is less than 80 µm. Therefore, to guarantee and estimate the quality of ceramics, new advanced nondestructive diagnostics methods with high resolution are required.Laser Speckle Photometry is an innovative optical non-destructive and monitoring technique based on the detection and analysis of thermally or mechanically activated characteristic speckle dynamics in the non-stationary optical field. When an object is excited by an external the …
Synthesis, Densification and Characterization of Nanosized Oxide Ceramic Powders with Eutectic Compositions by Heating of Alcohol-Aqueous Salt Solutions
J.-H. Ouyang, Y.-H. Ma, A. Henniche, B. Wang, Z.-G. Wang, Y.-J. Wang
Pages 81-90 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00097
Nanosized spherical powders of Al2O3-ZrO2 (Y2O3) and Al2O3-SmAlO3 with eutectic compositions have been synthesized with a facile and novel method involving the heating of aqueous salt solutions with an alcohol-water mixture as the solvent. The kind and concentration of aqueous salt solutions have a significant influence on the precipitation and morphologies of the resulting powders. Nanoscale particulates with a narrow size distribution were successfully obtained. The amorphous powders are crystallized to a mixture of t-ZrO2 phase and α-Al2O3 phase at a calcination temperature of 1250 °C. Al2O …
Novel Ceramic Composites for Personalized 3D Structures
M. Ahlhelm, E. Schwarzer, U. Scheithauer, T. Moritz, A. Michaelis
Pages 91-100 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00093
The objective of the presented work is to further introduce a new hybrid shaping technique and develop novel porous, near-net shaped composite structures e.g. for personalized bone replacement materials.The suspension-based additive manufacturing technique lithography-based ceramic manufacturing enables high structural resolution and the manufacturing of dense (> 99 %) ceramic components with high performance compared to other available AM techniques. On the other hand, freeze foaming offers the possibility to achieve mainly open porous and interconnected sponge-like structures that provably a …
Reaction Heat Utilization in Aluminosilicate-Based Ceramics Synthesis and Sintering
M. Karhu, J. Lagerbom, P. Kivikytö-Reponen, A. Ismailov, E. Levänen
Pages 101-112 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00094
Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is a widely known and extensively studied highly exothermic-reaction-utilizing technique for making certain advanced composites and intermetallic compounds. However, only few studies have been published about the SHS of pure aluminosilicate ceramics. In the current work, possibilities for aluminosilicate ceramic synthesis and sintering requiring less energy based on the utilization of SHS in air was studied. Kaolinite powder and exothermically reactive metallic aluminium powder were used as raw materials. Thermodynamic calculations for the poss …
Development of Damage-Tolerant Ceramic Matrix Composites (SiC/SiC) using Si-BN/SiC/pyC Fiber Coatings and LSI Processing
B. Mainzer, R. Jemmali, P. Watermeyer, K. Kelm, M. Frieß, D. Koch
Pages 113-120 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00095
Silicon-carbide-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide matrix composites (SiC/SiC) exhibit good thermal shock resistance, a low coefficient of thermal expansion and excellent physical properties as well as chemical stability at elevated temperatures and are therefore regarded as promising candidates for various applications in heavily loaded turbine sections of jet engines. Liquid silicon infiltration was chosen as a technique characterized by short processing times to obtain composites with low porosity in a three-step process: infiltration of fiber preforms with a phenolic resin, pyrolysis and sil …
Effects of TiO2 Addition on Kinetics of In Situ Spinel Formation and Properties of Alumina-Magnesia Refractory Castables
W. Yuan, H. Tang, H. Shang, J. Li, C. Deng, H. Zhu
Pages 121-128 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00098
This work addresses the effects of TiO2 addition on the kinetics of in situ spinel formation and the properties of alumina-magnesia refractory castables. The kinetics of the formation of spinel in alumina-magnesia refractory castables with TiO2 addition (0 – 3 wt%) during firing at 1250 – 1450 °C for different times was investigated by means of XRD analysis. The reaction rate constant and apparent activation energy of spinel formation in castables calculated based on the Ginstling-Braunstein model varied with the firing temperature and TiO2 addition. A comparison of the castables' properties i …
Being stable to carbonization, praseodymium nickelates-cobaltites and their nanocomposites are promising materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT SOFC) cathodes and oxygen separation membranes. This work aims to elucidate specificity of their structure and transport properties on the basis of synchrotron radiation studies. PrNi0.5Co0.5O3-δ (PNC), Ce0.9Y0.1O2-δ (YDC), Ce0.65Pr0.25Y0.1O2-δ (YPDC), CeO2 and PrO2-δ powders were synthesized with the Pechini technique. PNC – YDC nanocomposite was obtained via ultrasonic dispersion. The materials were characterized in in situ …
An improved method of powder 3D printing leading to dense ceramic parts is presented. The application of powder-based binder jetting 3D printing technologies to technical ceramics is generally limited by the low packing density of the powder and by the need to use a flowable powder. With layer-wise slurry deposition, it is, however, possible to deposit powder beds with high particle packing and furthermore using submicron powders. This method was combined with the binder jetting technology to develop a novel process, named LSD-print. By means of LSD-print, a submicron Al2O3 powder could be pro …
Tape Casting of Si3N4 Sheets for Potential Use as Circuit Substrate for Power Devices
J. Zhang, Y. Duan, X. Li, D. Jiang
Pages 149-154 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00120
Si3N4 ceramics exhibit superior mechanical and electrical properties and potentially high thermal conductivity (200 – 320 W/m·K) at room temperature. They are an excellent prospective circuit substrate for power electronic devices. The literature reports that a great deal of work has been conducted on Si3N4, and Si3N4 ceramics with thermal conductivity as high as 177 W/m·K have been realized. One of the main barriers for the application of Si3N4 is the high cost of their fabrication. Tape casting is a flexible technique for the preparation of ceramic sheets with well-controlled composition and …
Droplet-Based Additive Manufacturing of Hard Metal Components by Thermoplastic 3D Printing (T3DP)
U. Scheithauer, J. Pötschke, S. Weingarten, E. Schwarzer, A. Vornberger, T. Moritz, A. Michaelis
Pages 155-160 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00104
Thermoplastic 3D printing (T3DP) is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology that cannot only be used for producing ceramic, metal or multi-material components, but for the Additive Manufacturing of hard metal or cemented carbide components, too. This is possible because the technology combines the precise deposition of small droplets of molten thermoplastic hard-metal-containing suspensions and an increasing viscosity resulting from a cooling process as curing mechanism.This paper demonstrates the suitability of the T3DP-process for the AM of hard metal compounds. Using WC-Co suspensions wit …
Relationship of Optical Properties and Elastoplastic Characteristics of Transparent Spark-Plasma-Sintered YSZ Ceramics
O. L. Khasanov, E. S. Dvilis, Z. G. Bikbaeva, V. D. Paygin, A. O. Khasanov
Pages 161-168 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00105
Transparent yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics were sintered with the SPS method in different conditions. The optical and corresponding mechanical properties of the sintered samples were studied. A parameter for optimizing SPS processing has been suggested which characterizes optical transparency versus sample thickness. The dynamic evolution of the swelling areas over time after local indentation of transparent YSZ ceramics was shown. The appearance of spalls from the swelling areas depends on the degree of internal mechanical stresses in the given region of the sample and is explained …
Deep Drawing of Ceramic Green Tapes – A Promising Technology for Producing New Lightweight Non-Planar Kiln Furniture
E. Schwarzer, U. Scheithauer, M. Brosche, H.-J. Richter, T. Moritz
Pages 169-176 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00106
For the processing of ceramic green tapes to form 3D components, different technologies are known, for instance lamination to multilayer structures or folding. In the metals and plastics industries, deep drawing is, in addition to bending, a widely known method for reshaping sheet metals and polymers. This technology is not, however, applied for processing ceramic green tapes because of the downstream debinding and sintering steps. During the complex shaping process, the ceramic particles arranged within the polymer matrix become rearranged, which can result in inhomogeneous particle distribut …
Effect of Y2O3, La2O3 and MgO Co-Doping on Densification, Microstructure and Properties of AlON Ceramics
J. Zhang, J. Lei, J. Lei, Y. Shi, J. Xie, F. Lei, L. Zhang
Pages 177-182 · DOI: 10.4416/JCST2016-00114
The densification of transparent AlON ceramics was investigated with the aid of Y2O3, La2O3 and MgO as sintering agents. It was found that the density of the AlON ceramics obtained after co-doping with Y2O3 and La2O3 could be further improved with the addition of a small amount of MgO. The relative density of the AlON ceramic reached 99.9 % when it was co-doped with 0.08 wt% Y2O3 + 0.02 wt% La2O3 +0.2 wt% MgO after undergoing pressureless sintering at 1900 °C for 24 h. It is argued that Y3+ and Mg2+ can decelerate grain boundary mobility, suppress grain growth and promote the elimination of po …
