Articles
All articles | Recent articles
Emerging Trends in Ceramic-Incorporated Hybrid Composites for Next-Generation Automotive Suspension Applications
Shisheng Li1,2, Qiong Yuan2
1 Chongqing Automotive Powertrain Systems Testing Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing 401120, China
2 Faculty of Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China
received April 9, 2025, received in revised form June 9, 2025, accepted July 10, 2025
Vol. 16, No. 4, Pages 187-203 DOI: 10.4416/JCST2025-00010
Abstract
This review explores recent advancements in ceramic-incorporated hybrid composites tailored for automotive suspension systems. Recognizing the limitations of traditional metal components, including weight, corrosion susceptibility, and limited fatigue life, engineers are increasingly incorporating ceramic reinforcements into lightweight matrices. This hybridization strategy significantly enhances mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties critical to suspension performance. Ceramic materials, such as alumina, silicon carbide, and boron carbide, offer exceptional stiffness, thermal stability, and wear resistance when integrated into polymer or metal matrices. Various ceramic reinforcement forms – including nanoparticles, whiskers, and continuous fibers – are assessed, highlighting their roles in optimizing composite behavior. Interface engineering is emerging as a key focus area, with advances in coupling agents and interphase modifications crucial for effective load transfer and toughness enhancement. Additionally, emerging scalable fabrication techniques, including resin transfer molding and squeeze casting, are evaluated for their suitability in mass-producing hybrid composites. Real-world prototypes and performance evaluations reveal substantial weight reductions, improved fatigue life, corrosion resistance, and superior damping characteristics compared to conventional materials. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist in interface toughness, manufacturing scalability, material costs, and design methodologies. Addressing these challenges through innovative interphase designs, automated manufacturing, and advanced computational modeling is essential to realizing the broader commercial adoption of these composites.
Download Full Article (PDF)
Keywords
Interface engineering, tribological properties, nanoparticle reinforcement, scalability, hybridization
References
1 Jiregna, I.T., Sirata, G.: A review of the vehicle suspension system, J. Mech. Energy Eng., 4, 109 – 114 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2020.4.2.109
2 Zou, X., Zhang, B., Yin, G.: Analysis of stiffness and damping performance of the composite leaf spring, Sci. Rep., 12, 6842, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11055-5
3 Abera, S.N., Gebreyesus, B.Y.: Design analysis and optimization of coil spring for three-wheeler vehicles using composite materials, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2024, 1 – 30, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4479427
4 Yadav, R.S., Nimbalkar, A., Gadekar, T., Patil, P., Patil, V.N., Gholap, A.B., Kurhade, A.S., Dhumal, J.R., Waware, S.Y.: Comparison of experimental and numerical investigation of mono-composite and metal leaf spring, J. Mines Met. Fuels, 815 – 827, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2024/45325
5 Et. Al., Z.G.A.A.-J.: Enhancement of mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials, Turk. J. Comput. Math. Educ. TURCOMAT., 12, 298 – 302, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i11.5873
6 Kumai, S., King, J.E., Knott, J.F.: Fatigue in SiC-particulate-reinforced aluminium alloy composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 146, 317 – 326, (1991).
7 Gaylo, R., Farahani, S., Schmueser, D., Pilla, S.: Optimization of a mono-composite leaf spring using a hybrid fiber-layup approach, Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. Ijidem, 14, 407 – 421 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-019-00636-w
8 Su, J., Zhang, X., Li, J., Guo, H., Wang, B., Bai, Z.: Al2O3 fiber-reinforced MAX phase ceramic matrix composite, Ceram. Int., 50, 25400 – 25411, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.04.272
9 Mondal, S., Mondal, P., Mishra, D.P.: Research progress on ceramic nanomaterials reinforced aluminum matrix nanocomposites, Mater. Sci. Technol., 39, 1841 – 1857, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2023.2187153
10 Sharath, B.N., Venkatesh, C.V., Afzal, A., Aslfattahi, N., Aabid, A., Baig, M., Saleh, B.: Multi ceramic particles inclusion in the aluminium matrix and wear characterization through experimental and response surface-artificial neural networks, Materials, 14, 2895 (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112895
11 Wazeer, A., Das, A., Abeykoon, C., Sinha, A., Karmakar, A.: Composites for electric vehicles and automotive sector: A review, Green Energy Intell. Transp., 2, 100043, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geits.2022.100043
12 Composites Transform Vehicle Design: Innovative Materials in Automotive Construction, https://www.cdxlearning.com/blog-page/cdx/2025/02/03/composites-transform-vehicle-design-automotive-construction
13 Fengkun, L., Yuqin, Y., Shuqin, L., Dongbo, W., Shiyuan, W., Feng, D., Baozhang, D., Zhangzhong, W., Pingze, Z.: Wear resistance of Al2O3/WC-Co/epoxy coatings on TC18 (Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe) alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol., 374, 1100 – 1107, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.014
14 Nagaraja, A.M., Gururaja, S., Udayakumar, A.: Tensile behavior of ceramic matrix minicomposites with engineered interphases fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 42, 2659 – 2671, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.01.047
15 Kota, N., Charan, M.S., Laha, T., Roy, S.: Review on development of metal/ceramic interpenetrating phase composites and critical analysis of their properties, Ceram. Int., 48, 1451 – 1483, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.09.232
16 Zhang, J., Yu, Q., Wang, Q., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, T., Shuang, S., Fang, Q., Zeng, Q., Yang, Y.: Strong yet ductile high entropy alloy derived nanostructured cermet, Nano Lett., 22, 7370 – 7377, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02097
17 Pariyar, A., Perugu, C.S., Toth, L.S., Kailas, S.V.: Microstructure and mechanical behavior of polymer-derived in-situ ceramic reinforced lightweight aluminum matrix composite, J. Alloy. Compd., 880, 160430, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160430
18 Kaya, E.: Ceramic reinforced composite coatings on cold work tool steel fabricated by wired direct energy deposited plasma, Surf. Coat. Technol., 475, 130127, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.130127
19 Veeresh Kumar, G.B., Gopinath Reddy, D., Vineeth Reddy, C., Sriteja, C., Pramod, R.: Investigation of mechanical and tribological properties of Al6061 – TiB2 metal matrix composites, Mater. Perform. Charact., 9, 139 – 150, (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20190173
20 Atmakuri, A., Palevicius, A., Vilkauskas, A., Janusas, G.: Review of hybrid fiber based composites with nano particles – material properties and applications, Polymers, 12, 2088, (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092088
21 Wetzel, B., Haupert, F., Zhang, M.Q.: Epoxy nanocomposites with high mechanical and tribological performance, Compos. Sci. Technol., 63, 2055 – 2067, (2003).
22 Nagaraju, S.B., Puttegowda, M., Somashekara, M.K., Thyavihalli Girijappa, Y.G., Govindaswamy, P.D., Sathyanarayana, K.: Advancing the performance of ceramic - reinforced aluminum hybrid composites: A comprehensive review and future perspectives, Appl. Sci. Eng. Prog., (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.10.001
23 Shrivastava, S., Rajak, D.K., Joshi, T., Singh, D.K., Mondal, D.P.: Ceramic matrix composites: classifications, manufacturing, properties, and applications, Ceramics, 7, 652 – 679, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020043
24 Ye, J., Chen, X., Luo, H., Zhao, J., Li, J., Tan, J., Yang, H., Feng, B., Zheng, K., Pan, F.: Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of ti particles reinforced AZ31 magnesium matrix composites, J. Magnes. Alloys., 10, 2266 – 2279, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.06.012
25 Zhang, S., Wang, X., Yang, J., Chen, H., Jiang, X.: Micromechanical interlocking structure at the filler/resin interface for dental composites: a review, Int. J. Oral Sci., 15, 21, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-023-00226-3
26 Du, A., Lattanzi, L., Jarfors, A.W.E., Zheng, J., Wang, K., Yu, G.: On the hardness and elastic modulus of phases in SiC-reinforced al composite: role of la and ce addition, Materials, 14, 6287, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216287
27 Gupta, R., Nanda, T., Pandey, O.P.: Comparison of wear behaviour of LM13 Al-Si alloy based composites reinforced with synthetic (B4C) and natural (ilmenite) ceramic particles, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 31, 3613 – 3625, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65752-7
28 Ozturk, K., Gecu, R., Karaaslan, A.: Microstructure, wear and corrosion characteristics of multiple-reinforced (SiC-B4C-Al2O3) al matrix composites produced by liquid metal infiltration, Ceram. Int., 47, 18274 – 18285, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.147
29 Yang, M., Zhang, C., Su, G., Dong, Y., Mekuria, T.D., Qingtao Lv: Preparation and wear resistance properties of thermosetting polyimide composites containing solid lubricant fillers, Mater. Chem. Phys., 241, 122034, (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122034
30 Kumar, B.A., Krishnan, M.M., Sahayaraj, A.F., Refaai, M.R.A., Yuvaraj, G., Madhesh, D., Allasi, H.L.: Characterization of the aluminium matrix composite reinforced with silicon nitride (AA6061/Si3N4) synthesized by the stir casting route, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2022, 1 – 8, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8761865
31 Qi, Y., Sun, B., Zhang, Y., Gao, G., Zhang, P., Zheng, X.: Study of tribological properties and evolution of morphological characteristics of transfer films in PTFE composites synergistically reinforced with nano-ZrO2 and PEEK particles, Polymers, 15, 3626, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15173626
32 Bafakeeh, O.T., Shewakh, W.M., Abu-Oqail, A., Abd-Elaziem, W., Abdel Ghafaar, M., Abu-Okail, M.: Synthesis and characterization of hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer by adding ceramic nanoparticles for aeronautical structural applications. Polymers, 13, 4116, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234116
33 Zou, Z., Qin, Y., Fu, H., Zhu, D., Li, Z., Huang, Z.: ZrO2f-coated cf hybrid fibrous reinforcements and properties of their reinforced ceramicizable phenolic resin matrix composites, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 41, 1810 – 1816, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.08.034
34 Yan, L., Xu, H.: Lightweight composite materials in automotive engineering: State-of-the-art and future trends, Alex. Eng. J., 118, 1 – 10, (2025). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.12.002
35 Zhang, X., Zhang, T., Yi, Z., Yan, L., Liu, S., Yao, X., Guo, A., Liu, J., Hou, F.: Multiscale mullite fiber/whisker reinforced silica aerogel nanocomposites with enhanced compressive strength and thermal insulation performance, Ceram. Int., 46, 28561 – 28568, (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.08.013
36 Kessel, F., Klopsch, L., Jehle, V., Biller, N.-J., Friess, M., Shi, Y., Cepli, D., Keck, M., Jemmali, R.: Wet-laid nonwoven based ceramic matrix composites: an innovative and highly adaptable short fiber reinforcement for ceramic hybrid and gradient materials, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 41, 4048 – 4057, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.02.040
37 Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zou, B., Liu, Y., Zheng, S., Li, X., Yan, W., Li, Z., Wang, Y.M.: Enhanced plasticity due to melt pool flow induced uniform dispersion of reinforcing particles in additively manufactured metallic composites, Int. J. Plast., 164, 103591, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103591
38 Guo, Z., Wang, K., Cui, B., Tan, Z., Zhao, L., Fan, G., Li, Z., Li, Z., Zhang, D.: Ultrastrong and ductile Al-Mg alloy matrix composites via composition-modulated precipitation induced by intragranular ceramic nanoparticles, Compos. Part B Eng., 291, 112012, (2025). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112012
39 Jo, M.C., Choi, J.H., Yoo, J., Lee, D., Shin, S., Jo, I., Lee, S.-K., Lee, S.: Novel dynamic compressive and ballistic properties in 7075-T6 Al-matrix hybrid composite reinforced with SiC and B4C particulates, Compos. Part B Eng., 174, 107041, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107041
40 Park, J., Park, S.Y., Lee, D., Song, Y.S.: Shape memory polymer composites embedded with hybrid ceramic microparticles, Smart Mater. Struct., 29, 55037, (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab5e53
41 Mann, V.S., Pandey, O.P.: Effect of dual particle size corundum particles on the tribological properties of LM30 aluminium alloy composites for brake rotor applications, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 46, 12445 – 12463, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05939-3
42 Ravindran, A.R., Ladani, R.B., Wang, C.H., Mouritz, A.P.: Synergistic delamination toughening of composites using multi-scale carbon reinforcements, Compos. Part B Eng., 161, 18 – 28, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.031
43 Zhang, Y., Yu, N.: The fiber/matrix interface in ceramic-matrix composites. In: Composites and Functionally Graded Materials. pp. 375 – 377. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dallas, Texas, USA (1997)
44 Besmann, T.M., Stinton, D.P., Kupp, E.R., Shanmugham, S., Liaw, P.K.: Fiber-matrix interfaces in ceramic composites, MRS Proc., 458, 147, (1996). https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-458-147
45 Seyferth, D., Bryson, N., Workman, D.P., Sobon, C.A.: Preceramic polymers as "reagents" in the preparation of ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, 2687 – 2689, (1991). doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb06824.x
46 Dimitriadi, M., Zafiropoulou, M., Zinelis, S., Silikas, N., Eliades, G.: Silane reactivity and resin bond strength to lithium disilicate ceramic surfaces, Dent. Mater., 35, 1082 – 1094, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.05.002
47 Arun Prakash, V.R., Rajadurai, A.: Inter laminar shear strength behavior of acid, base and silane treated E-glass fibre epoxy resin composites on drilling process, Def. Technol., 13, 40 – 46, (2017). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2016.11.004
48 Chowdhury, S.C., Prosser, R., Sirk, T.W., Elder, R.M., Gillespie, J.W.: Glass fiber-epoxy interactions in the presence of silane: A molecular dynamics study, Appl. Surf. Sci., 542, 148738, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148738
49 Wei, W., Xia, S., Liu, G., Gu, X., Jin, W., Xu, N.: Interfacial adhesion between polymer separation layer and ceramic support for composite membrane, AIChE J., 56, 1584 – 1592, (2010). doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.12086
50 Zhang, G., Zhao, P., Zhang, X., Han, K., Zhao, T., Zhang, Y., Jeong, C.K., Jiang, S., Zhang, S., Wang, Q.: Flexible three-dimensional interconnected piezoelectric ceramic foam based composites for highly efficient concurrent mechanical and thermal energy harvesting, Energy Environ. Sci., 11, 2046 – 2056, (2018). doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE00595H
51 Konopka, K., Olszówka-Myalska, A., Szafran, M.: Ceramic-metal composites with an interpenetrating network, Mater. Chem. Phys., 81, 329 – 332, (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00595-3
52 Yang, H.-Y., Wang, Z., Chen, L.-Y., Shu, S.-L., Qiu, F., Zhang, L.-C.: Interface formation and bonding control in high-volume-fraction (TiC+TiB2)/Al composites and their roles in enhancing properties, Compos. Part B Eng., 209, 108605, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108605
53 Zhong, Z., Jiang, X., Sun, H., Wu, Z., Yang, L., Matamoros-Veloza, A.: Recent research on the optimization of interfacial structure and interfacial interaction mechanisms of metal matrix composites: A review, Adv. Eng. Mater., 26, 2401392, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202401392
54 Kim, J.-K., Mai, Y.: High strength, high fracture toughness fibre composites with interface control – a review, Compos. Sci. Technol., 41, 333 – 378, (1991). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(91)90072-W
55 Wang, Z., Wang, K., Huang, H., Cui, X., Shi, X., Ma, X., Li, B., Zhang, Z., Tang, X., Chiang, M.Y.M.: Bioinspired wear-resistant and ultradurable functional gradient coatings, Small, 14, 1802717, (2018). doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802717
56 Ahmad, Z., Chen, J., Chen, H., Hafsa, Arfan, M., Shahid, T., Li, X., Hussain, Z.: Tailoring structural and mechanical properties of cf/SiC ceramic matrix composites with BN/SiAlC interphases, Ceram. Int., 51, 5799 – 5807, (2025). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.12.026
57 Damadam, M., Shao, S., Ayoub, G., Zbib, H.M.: Recent advances in modeling of interfaces and mechanical behavior of multilayer metallic/ceramic composites, J. Mater. Sci., 53, 5604 – 5617, (2018). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1704-3
58 Selvakumar, S., Dinaharan, I., Palanivel, R., Ganesh Babu, B.: Characterization of molybdenum particles reinforced Al6082 aluminum matrix composites with improved ductility produced using friction stir processing, Mater. Charact., 125, 13 – 22, (2017). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.01.016
59 A., N., Taha, M., Ibrahim, A.M.M., A. K., A.: Role of hybrid nanofiller GNPs/Al2O3 on enhancing the mechanical and tribological performance of HDPE composite, Sci. Rep., 13, 12447, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39172-9
60 Lv, T., Zhang, Y., Duan, Y., Yang, J.: Kinematics & compliance analysis of double wishbone air suspension with frictions and joint clearances, Mech. Mach. Theory, 156, 104127, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2020.104127
61 Safi, M., Hassanzadeh-Aghdam, M.K., Mahmoodi, M.J.: Effects of nano-sized ceramic particles on the coefficients of thermal expansion of short SiC fiber-aluminum hybrid composites, J. Alloy. Compd., 803, 554 – 564, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.314
62 Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Li, Y., Wu, J., Gao, Z., Wu, C., Yu, X., Jin, M., Wen, G., Zhou, H.: Effect of ceramic particle shape on wear resistance mechanism of zirconia toughened alumina ceramic reinforced high chromium cast iron architectural composite, Ceram. Int., 50, 11370 – 11378, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.01.037
63 Iwai, Y., Yoneda, H., Honda, T.: Sliding wear behavior of SiC whisker-reinforced aluminum composite, Wear, 181, 594 – 602, (1995).
64 Xiong, D.S., Lin, J.M., Liu, L.L.: Tribological properties of nano-Al2O3/PEEK composites, Key Eng. Mater., 330, 1239 – 1242, (2007).
65 Cui, S., Liu, Y., Wang, T., Tieu, K., Wang, L., Zeng, D., Li, Z., Li, W.: Tribological behavior comparisons of high chromium stainless and mild steels against high-speed steel and ceramics at high temperatures, Friction, 10, 436 – 453, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0509-1
66 Panin, S.V., Nguyen, D.A., Buslovich, D.G., Alexenko, V.O., Pervikov, A.V., Kornienko, L.A., Berto, F.: Effect of various type of nanoparticles on mechanical and tribological properties of wear-resistant PEEK + PTFE-based composites, Materials, 14, 1113, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051113
67 Zhu, J., Ma, L., Dwyer-Joyce, R.: Friction and wear behaviours of self-lubricating peek composites for articulating pin joints, Tribol. Int., 149, 105741, (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.04.025
68 Zhu, J., Xie, F., Dwyer-Joyce, R.S.: PEEK composites as self-lubricating bush materials for articulating revolute pin joints, Polymers, 12, 665, (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030665
69 Prashanth, M., Karunanithi, R., Sivasankaran, S., MilicaVlahovic, Bhowmik, A.: Synergistic strengthening mechanism and microstructural evolution of al-zn-Mg-Cu/Al2O3/Y2O3 hybrid nanocomposite via mechanical alloying and hot pressing, Powder Technol., 434, 119377, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2024.119377
70 Xi, L., Feng, L., Gu, D., Prashanth, K.G., Kaban, I., Wang, R., Xiong, K., Sarac, B., Eckert, J.: Microstructure formation and mechanical performance of micro-nanoscale ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composites manufactured by laser powder bed fusion, J. Alloy. Compd., 939, 168803, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.168803
71 Riding pretty: Hybrid upper control arms move to pickups, https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/riding-pretty-hybrid-upper-control-arms-move-to-pickups
72 He, J., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Xia, L., Xiong, Y.: Assembled mechanical metamaterials with integrated functionalities of programmable multistability and multitransition behaviors, Mater. Horiz., 11, 6371 – 6380, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MH00906A
73 Singh, J., Chauhan, A.: Overview of wear performance of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with ceramic materials under the influence of controllable variables, Ceram. Int., 42, 56 – 81, (2016). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.08.150
74 Kampker, A., Kreiskother, K., Lutz, N., Gauckler, V., Hehl, M.: Re-ramp-up management of scalable production systems in the automotive industry. In: 2019 8th International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management (ICITM). pp. 137 – 141. IEEE, Cambridge, United Kingdom, (2019).
75 Ball, C.A., Greydanus, S., Swentek, I., Nara, K.R.: Development of an epoxy carbon fiber reinforced roof frame using the high pressure resin transfer molding (HP-RTM) process, Presented at the WCX SAE World Congress Experience April 14 (2020).
76 Lu, Q., Lin, J., Luo, L., Zhang, Y., Zhu, W.: A supervised approach for automated surface defect detection in ceramic tile quality control, Adv. Eng. Inform., 53, 101692, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2022.101692
77 Yang, M., Yang, L., Zheng, J., Hondow, N., Bourne, R.A., Bailey, T., Irons, G., Sutherland, E., Lavric, D., Wu, K.-J.: Mixing performance and continuous production of nanomaterials in an advanced-flow reactor, Chem. Eng. J., 412, 128565. (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128565
78 October 2015, ams_jamesbakewell16: Added fibre, https://www.automotivemanufacturingsolutions.com/added-fibre/34584.article
79 Canegrati, A., Bernasconi, A., Martulli, L.M., Barriga, P., Previati, G., Fiumarella, D., Scattina, A., Spini, E., Belingardi, G., Mastinu, G.: Experimental characterization of a polymer metal hybrid (PMH) automotive structure under quasi-static, creep, and impact loading, Compos. Struct., 330, 117813, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117813
80 Ni, W., Dong, X., Lu, W.-S.: Near-optimal hybrid processing for massive MIMO systems via matrix decomposition, IEEE Trans. Signal Process, 65, 3922 – 3933, (2017). doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2017.2699643
81 Krimpenis, A.A., Noeas, G.D.: Application of hybrid manufacturing processes in microfabrication, J. Manuf. Process., 80, 328 – 346, (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.06.009
82 Sansana, J., Joswiak, M.N., Castillo, I., Wang, Z., Rendall, R., Chiang, L.H., Reis, M.S.: Recent trends on hybrid modeling for Industry 4.0. Comput. Chem. Eng., 151, 107365, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107365
83 Hägele, N., Sonsino, C.M.: Structural durability design recommendations for forged automotive aluminium chassis components submitted to spectrum and environmental loadings by the example of a tension strut, Int. J. Fatigue, 69, 63 – 70, (2014). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.03.015
84 Nurnajihah, N., Nasir, M., Abdullah, S., Singh, S., Singh, K. Haris, S.M.: Evaluation of Reliability-based fatigue strain data analysis for an automobile suspension under various road condition, Int. J. Integr. Eng., 10, (2018). doi: https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2018.10.05.009
85 Fuchs, E., Field, F., Roth, R., Kirchain, R.: Strategic materials selection in the automobile body: economic opportunities for polymer composite design, Compos. Sci. Technol., 68, 1989 – 2002, (2008). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.01.015
86 Chalasani, S., Potukuchi, S., Rayasam, S., Narayanamurthy, V., Chinthapenta, V.: Mechanical characterization of high-strength carbon-epoxy composite laminates, Mater. Today Proc., 108, 80 – 85, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.09.092
87 Yu, S., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Jia, H., Ren, M.: Effect of nano-silica modified resin on the interface strength and toughness of al/CFRP hybrid laminates, Thin Walled Struct., 200, 111967, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2024.111967
88 Baumann, A., Hausmann, J.: Compression fatigue testing setups for composites – a review, Adv. Eng. Mater., 23, 2000646, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000646
89 Agrawal, A.P., Srivastava, S.K.: Investigations of fatigue crack growth rate behaviour and life prediction of Si3N4/TiB2 reinforced hybrid metal matrix composites, Int. J. Fatigue, 186, 108373, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108373
90 Ke, J., Wu, Z., Chen, X., Ying, Z.: A review on material selection, design method and performance investigation of composite leaf springs, Compos. Struct., 226, 111277, (2019).
91 Dubois, F., Mendibide, C., Pagnier, T., Perrard, F., Duret, C.: Raman mapping of corrosion products formed onto spring steels during salt spray experiments. A correlation between the scale composition and the corrosion resistance, Corros. Sci., 50, 3401 – 3409, (2008). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.09.027
92 Varma, N., Ahuja, R., Vijayakumar, T., Kannan, C.: Design and analysis of composite mono leaf spring for passenger cars, Mater. Today Proc., 46, 7090 – 7098, (2021).
93 Komurcu, E., Kefal, A., Abdollahzadeh, M.A., Basoglu, M.F., Kisa, E., Yildiz, M.: Towards composite suspension control arm: conceptual design, structural analysis, laminate optimization, manufacturing, and experimental testing, Compos. Struct., 327, 117704, (2024). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117704
94 Nouigues, A., Le Gal La Salle, E., Bailleul, J.-L.: Thermo-mechanical characterization of unsaturated polyester/glass fiber composites for recycling, Int. J. Mater. Form., 14, 153 – 174, (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-020-01559-8
95 Makarian, K., Santhanam, S., Wing, Z.N.: Coefficient of thermal expansion of particulate composites with ceramic inclusions, Ceram. Int., 42, 17659 – 17665, (2016). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.082
96 Afshar, A., Mihut, D., Baqersad, J., Hill, S.: Study of metallic thin films on epoxy matrix as protective barrier to ultraviolet radiation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 367, 41 – 48, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.03.062
97 Daehn, G.S., Breslin, M.C.: Co-continuous composite materials for friction and braking applications, JOM, 58, 87 – 91, (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-006-0235-1
98 Nayak, S., Sadarang, J., Panigrahi, I., Nayak, R.K., Maurya, M.: Optimization of composite leaf spring for reduced weight and improved noise, vibration, and harshness in an electric vehicle, Noise Vib. Worldw., 51, 127 – 138, (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957456520923319
99 Champa-Bujaico, E., García-Díaz, P., Díez-Pascual, A.M.: Machine learning for property prediction and optimization of polymeric nanocomposites: a state-of-the-art, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23, 10712, (2022).
100 Zhu, S., Zhang, G., Bao, Y., Sun, D., Zhang, Q., Meng, X., Hu, Y., Yan, L.: Progress in preparation and ablation resistance of ultra-high-temperature ceramics modified C/C composites for extreme environment, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., 62, 20220276, (2023).
Copyright
Göller Verlag GmbH
