Articles
All articles | Recent articles
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-/Micro-Crystalline SnO using Microwave and Hydrothermal Techniques
A.M. EL-Rafei1, H. Youssef1, N. M. Ahmed2
1 Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Dept., National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
2 Photovoltaic Department, Electronic Research Institute (ERI), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
received March 12, 2014, received in revised form May 2, 2014, accepted June 6, 2014
Vol. 5, No. 3, Pages 217-222 DOI: 10.4416/JCST2014-00010
Abstract
Microwave (M-H) and conventional hydrothermal (C-H) synthesis of nano-/micro-sized SnO are compared. The phase composition and morphology of the products were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The XRD results of microwave-heated samples indicated early crystallization of tetragonal romarchite phase after only 1 h at 120 °C compared to 4 h at 120 °C for the conventional method. The crystallization path under microwave heating showed the presence of abhurite phase with an intermediate composition between tin oxide and the starting precursor. Also, romarchite (SnO) decomposes at 700 °C for 1 h in air and transforms into nano-sized cassiterite (SnO2).
Download Full Article (PDF)
Keywords
Tin oxides, semiconductors, microwaves, nanostructures, chemical synthesis
References
1 Li, H., Huang, X., Chen, L.: Structure and electrochemical properties of anodes consisting of modified SnO, J. Power Sources, 81 – 82, 335 – 339, (1999).
2 Ferrere, S., Zaban, A., Gregg, B.A.: Dye sensitization of nanocrystalline tin oxides by perylene derivatives, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 4490 – 4493, (1997).
3 Zhang, J., Gao, L.: Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline tin oxide by sol-gel method, J. Solid State Chem., 177, 1425 – 1430, (2004).
4 Beyer, W., Hüpkes, J., Stiebig, H.: Transparent conducting oxide films for thin film silicon photovoltaics, Thin Solid Films, 516, 147 – 154, (2007).
5 Rella, R., Serra, A., Siciliano, P., Vasanelli, L., De, G., Licciulli, A.: CO sensing properties of SnO2 thin films prepared by the sol-gel process, Thin Solid Films, 304, 339 – 343, (1997).
6 Nayral, C., Ould-Ely, T., Maisonnat, A. et al.: A novel mechanism for the synthesis of tin/tin oxide nanoparticles of low size dispersion of nanostructured SnO2 for the sensitive layers of gas sensors, J. Adv. Mater., 1, 61 – 63, (1999).
7 Leite, E.R., Weber, I.T., Longo, E., Varela, J.A.: A new method to control particle size and particle size distribution of SnO2 nanoparticles for gas sensor applications, J. Adv. Mater., 12, [13], 965 – 968, (2000).
8 Pawlicka, A.: Development of Electrochromic Devices. Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, 3, 177 – 181, (2009).
9 Lee, J.H., Park, N.G., Shin, Y.J.: Nano-grain: SnO2 electrodes for high conversion efficiency SnO2-DSSC, J. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell, 95, 179 – 183, (2011).
10 Yasuhiro, T., Hara, K., Takano, S., Sayama, K., Arakawa, H.: Investigations on anodic photocurrent loss processes in dye sensitized solar cells, comparison between nanocrystalline SnO2 and TiO2 films, J. Chem. Phys. Lett., 364, 297 – 302, (2002).
11 Lawson, F.: Tin oxide – Sn3O4, Nature London, 215, 955 – 956, (1967).
12 Cahen, S., David, N., Fiorani, J.M., Vilas, I.M.: Thermodynamic modelling of the O-Sn system, Thermochim. Acta., 403, 275 – 285, (2003).
13 Dai, Z.R., Pan, Z.W., Wang, Z.L.: Growth and structure evolution of novel tin oxide diskettes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 8673 – 8680, (2002).
14 Wang, Z.L., Pan, Z.W.: Junctions and networks of SnO nanoribbons, J. Adv. Mater., 14, [15], 1029 – 1032, (2002).
15 Jia, Z., Zhu, L., Liao, G., Yu, Y., Tang, Y.: Preparation and characterization of SnO nanowhiskers, Solid State Commun., 132, 79 – 82, (2004).
16 Xia, L., Yang, B., Fu, Z., Yang, Y., Yan, H., Xu, Y., Fu, S., Li, G.: High-yield solvothermal synthesis of single-crystalline tin oxide tetragonal prism nanorods, J. Mater. Lett., 6, 1214 – 1217, (2007).
17 Acarbas, O., Suvacı, E., Dogan, A.: Preparation of nanosized tin oxide (SnO2) powder by homogeneous precipitation, ., 33, [4], 537 – 542, (2007).
18 Patil, G.E., Kajale, D.D., Gaikwad, V.B., Jain, G.H.: Spray pyrolysis deposition of nanostructured tin oxide thin films, J. Inter. Sch. Res. Net. ISRN Nanotechnology, Article ID 275872, 1 – 5, (2012).
19 Song, K.C., Kim, J.H.J.: Synthesis of high surface area tin oxide powders via water-in-oil microemulsions, Powder Technol., 107, 268 – 272, (2000).
20 Sedghi, S.M., Mortazavi, Y., Khodadadi, A., Sahraei, O.A., Naseh, M.V.: Sonochemically prepared SnO2 quantum dots as a selective and low temperature CO sensor, Intern. J. Chem. and Biol. Eng., 2, [2], 69 – 73, (2009).
21 Kersen, U., Holappa, L.: H2S-sensing properties of SnO2 produced by ball milling and different chemical reactions, Anal. Chim. Acta, 562, 110 – 114, (2006).
22 Chen, Y., Zhu, J., Zhu, X., Ma, G., Liu, Z., Min, N.: Gas sensing property and microstructure of SnO2 nanocrystalline prepared by solid state reaction/thermal oxidation, J. Mater. Sci. and Eng. B, 99, 52 – 55, (2003).
23 Sedghia, M.S., Mortazavib, Y., Khodadadi, A.: Low temperature CO and CH4 dual selective gas sensor using SnO2 quantum dots prepared by sonochemical method, Sensor. Actuat., B-Chem., 145, 7 – 12, (2010).
24 Thanasanvorakun, S., Mangkorntong, P., Choopun, S., Mangkorntong, N.: Characterization of SnO2 nanowires synthesized from SnO by carbothermal reduction process, Ceram. Int., 34, 1127 – 1130, (2008).
25 Ma, X.L., Li, Y., Zhu, Y.L.: Growth mode of the SnO2 nanobelts synthesized by rapid oxidation, Chem. Phys. Lett., 376, 794 – 798, (2003).
26 Cirera, A., Vilà , A., Cornet, A., Morante, J.R.: Properties of nanocrystalline SnO obtained by means of microwave process, Mat. Sci. Eng. C, 15, 203 – 205, (2001).
27 Srivastava, A., Lakshmikumar, S.T., Srivastava, A.K., Rashmi, Jain, K.: Gas sensing properties of nanocrystalline SnO2 prepared in solvent media using a microwave assisted technique, Sensor. Actuat. B, 126, 583 – 587, (2007).
28 Wu, D-S., Han, C.-Y., Wang, S.-Y., Wu, N.-L., Rusakova, I.-A.: Microwave-assisted solution synthesis of SnO nanocrystallites, Mater. Lett, 53, 155 – 159, (2002).
29 Krishnakumar, T., Pinna, N., Kumari, K.P., Perumal, K., Jayaprakash, R.: Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of tin oxide nanoparticles, Mater. Lett., 62, 3437 – 3440, (2008).
30 Parthibavarman, M., Hariharan, V., Sekar, C.: High-sensitivity humidity sensor based on SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by microwave irradiation method, Mater. Sci. and Eng. C, 31, 840 – 844, (2011).
31 Parimala, S.S., Selin, C., Gnanamani, A., Mandal, A.B.: Synthesis and characterization of nano crystalline tin (IV) oxide from tin (II) chloride using combined microwave traditional calcinations procedures, Current Res. in Chemistry, 4, (3), 60 – 67, (2012).
32 Singh, A.K., Nakate, U.T.: Microwave synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties of SnO2 nanoparticles, Advances in Nanoparticles, 2, 66 – 70, (2013).
33 Krishna, M., Komarneni, S.: Conventional- vs microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of tin oxide, SnO2 nanoparticles, Ceram. Int., 35, 3375 – 3379, (2009).
34 Pires, F.I., Joanni, E., Savu, R., Zaghete, M.A., Longo, E., Varela, J.A.: Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline SnO powders, Mater. Lett., 62, 239 – 242, (2008).
35 Rizzuti A., Leonelli C.: Microwave advantages in inorganic synthesis of La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 powders for perovskite ceramics, Proces. and App. of Ceram., 3, [1 – 2], (2009).
36 Yuan, Cao, Y., Wei, H.-J., Xia, Z.-N.: Advances in microwave assisted synthesis of ordered mesoporous materials, T. Nonferr. Metal. Soc., 19, 656 – 664, (2009).
37 Phuruangra, A., Thongtem, S., Thongtem, T.: Microwave hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of copper sulfide with different morphologies, Chalcogenide Lett., 10, [10], 359 – 365, (2013).
38 Kharisov, B.I., Kharissova, O.V., Méndez, U.O.: Microwave hydrothermal and solvothermal processing of materials and compounds, (Chapter 5), The development and application of microwave heating edited by Wenbin Cao, ISBN 978 953 51 0835 1, 212 pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published November 07, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license DOI: 10.5772/2619, 107 – 140, (2012).
39 Wu, S.-S., Jia, Q., Sun, Y.-L., Shan, S.-Y., Jang, L.-H., Wang, Y.-M.: Microwave hydrothermal preparation of flowerlike ZnO microstructure and its photocatalytic activity, T. Nonferr. Metal. Soc., 22, 2465 – 2470, (2012).
40 Qi, H., Huang, J.-F., Cao, L.-Y., Wu, J.-P., Wang, D.-Q.: One-dimensional CuS microstructures prepared by a PVP-assisted microwave hydrothermal method, Ceram. Int., 38, 2195 – 2200, (2012).
41 Ortiz-Landeros, J., Gómez-Yáñez, C., López-Juárez, R., Dávalos-Velasco, I., Pfeiffer, H.: Synthesis of advanced ceramics by hydrothermal crystallization and modified related methods, J. Adv. Ceram., 1, [3], 204 – 220, (2012).
42 Zhu, J-J., Zhu, J-M., Liao, X-H., Fang, J-L., Zhou, M-G., Chen, H-Y.: Rapid synthesis of nanocrystalline SnO powders by microwave heating method, Mater. Lett., 53, 12 – 19, (2002).
43 Du, F., Guo, Z., Li, G.: Hydrothermal synthesis of SnO2 hollow microspheres, Mater. Lett., 59, 2563 – 2565, (2005).
44 Paraguay-Delgado, F., Antunez-Flores, W., Miki-Yoshida, M., Aguilar-Elguezabal, A., Santiago, P., Diaz, R., Ascencio, J.A.: Structural analysis and growing mechanisms for long SnO2 nanorods synthesized by spray pyrolysis, Nanotechnology, 16, [6], 688 – 694, (2005).
45 Chen, Z.W., Lai, J.K.L., Shek, C.H.: Bulk-quantity SnO2 nanorods synthesized from simple calcining process based on annealing precursor powders, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 351, 3619 – 3623, (2005).
46 Naoto, S., Atsushi, H., Shuuichi, A., Akio, F., Sakka, Y.: Assembly of hydrothermally synthesized tin oxide nanocrystals, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 23, 731 – 736, (2005).
47 Jouhannaud, J., Rossignol, J., Stuerga, D.: Rapid synthesis of tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles by microwave induced thermohydrolysis, J. Solid State Chem., 181, 1439 – 1444, (2008).
48 Wang, S.-C., Chiang, R.-K., Hua, P.-J.: Morphological and phase control of tin oxide single-crystals synthesized by dissolution and recrystallization of bulk SnO powders, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 31, 2447 – 2451, (2011).
49 Yang, H., Hu, Y., Tang, A., Jin, S., Qiu, G.: Synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles by mechanochemical reaction, J. Alloy. Compd., 363, 271 – 274, (2004).
50 Kingston, H.M., Haswell, S.J.: Microwave-enhanced chemistry. ACS. Washington, DC, (1997).
51 Rao, K.J., Vaidhyanathan, B., Ganguli, M., Ramakrishnan, P.A.: Synthesis of inorganic solids using microwaves, Chem. Mater., 11, 882 – 895, (1999).
52 Occelli, M.L., Robson, H.E.: Synthesis of microporous materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1, 507, (1992).
53 Bonaccorsi, L., Proverbio, E.: Influence of process parameters in microwave continuous synthesis of zeolite LTA, Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 112, 481 – 493, (2008).
54 Ondruschka, B., Bonrath, W., Stuerga, D.: Microwave in organic synthesis. Wiley, ISBN 3527314520, (2006).
55 Bellon, K., Chaumont, D., Stuerga, D.: Flash synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles by microwave forced hydrolysis, J. Mater. Res., 16, 2619 – 2622, (2001).
56 Caillot, T., Aymes, D., Stuerga, D., Viart, N., Pourrov, G.: Microwave flash synthesis of iron and magnetite particles by disproportionation of ferrous alcoholic solutions, J. Mater. Sci., 37, 5153 – 5158, (2002).
57 http://www.mindat.org/mindat.org/min-4.html
58 Edwards, R., Gillard, R.D., Williams, P.A.: The stabilities of secondary tin minerals: abhurite and its relationships to Sn(II) and Sn(IV) oxides and oxyhydroxides, Mineral. Mag., 56, 221 – 226, (1992).
Copyright
Göller Verlag GmbH